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Anatomy & Physiology
High-yield facts followed by rapid Q&A.
Cardiovascular
- Blood path: RA → tricuspid → RV → pulmonary artery → lungs → pulmonary vein → LA → mitral → LV → aorta → body.
- Left ventricle has the thickest wall (pumps to body).
- Arteries carry blood AWAY from the heart; veins carry it BACK.
- Pulmonary artery is the only artery carrying deoxygenated blood.
- SA node = natural pacemaker. Normal HR 60–100 bpm.
- Capillaries are the site of gas/nutrient exchange.
Respiratory
- Air path: nose → pharynx → larynx → trachea → bronchi → bronchioles → alveoli.
- Gas exchange happens in the alveoli by diffusion.
- Diaphragm contracts (flattens) for inhalation.
- Hemoglobin in RBCs carries O₂; CO₂ travels mostly as bicarbonate.
- Tidal volume = normal breath (~500 mL).
Nervous
- CNS = brain + spinal cord. PNS = everything else.
- Neuron parts: dendrites (receive), axon (send), synapse (gap).
- Action potential: Na⁺ in (depolarize), K⁺ out (repolarize).
- Sympathetic = fight or flight. Parasympathetic = rest and digest.
- Frontal lobe = decisions; Occipital = vision; Cerebellum = balance.
Endocrine
- Hormones travel via the bloodstream (slow, long-lasting).
- Pancreas: insulin lowers glucose, glucagon raises it.
- Thyroid: T3/T4 set metabolic rate; regulated by TSH.
- Adrenal medulla: epinephrine (fight or flight).
- Pituitary is the 'master gland' (controlled by hypothalamus).
Digestive
- Path: mouth → esophagus → stomach → small intestine → large intestine → rectum.
- Most absorption happens in the small intestine.
- Liver makes bile; gallbladder stores it; bile emulsifies fats.
- Pancreas secretes digestive enzymes + bicarbonate.
Renal & Other
- Nephron = functional unit of the kidney.
- Filtration → reabsorption → secretion → excretion.
- Skin: largest organ; thermoregulation + barrier.
- Bone: osteoblasts build, osteoclasts break down.
- Skeletal muscle = voluntary striated; cardiac = involuntary striated; smooth = involuntary non-striated.
Which chamber pumps blood to the body?
Left ventricle.
Where does gas exchange occur?
Alveoli of the lungs.
Which hormone lowers blood glucose?
Insulin (from pancreatic beta cells).
Pacemaker of the heart?
SA (sinoatrial) node.
Largest artery in the body?
Aorta.
Functional unit of the kidney?
Nephron.
Which lobe processes vision?
Occipital lobe.
Which division is fight-or-flight?
Sympathetic nervous system.
What carries oxygen in blood?
Hemoglobin in red blood cells.
Master endocrine gland?
Pituitary gland.
Where is most food absorbed?
Small intestine.
Muscle of breathing?
Diaphragm.
Cells, Genetics & Biology
High-yield facts followed by rapid Q&A.
Cell Basics
- Prokaryotes (bacteria) = no nucleus. Eukaryotes = nucleus + organelles.
- Mitochondria = ATP (cellular respiration).
- Ribosomes = protein synthesis.
- Nucleus stores DNA; nucleolus makes ribosomes.
- Cell membrane = phospholipid bilayer (selectively permeable).
DNA / Genetics
- DNA bases pair: A–T, G–C. RNA replaces T with U.
- DNA → mRNA (transcription) → protein (translation).
- Genotype = genes; Phenotype = observable trait.
- Punnett square: dominant allele masks recessive.
- Mitosis = 2 identical cells. Meiosis = 4 gametes, half the chromosomes.
Energy
- Photosynthesis: 6CO2 + 6H2O → C6H12O6 + 6O2 (in chloroplasts).
- Cellular respiration: glucose + O2 → CO2 + H2O + ATP.
- Glycolysis happens in cytoplasm; Krebs + ETC in mitochondria.
Macromolecules
- Carbs = quick energy (monomer: monosaccharide).
- Proteins = amino acids; do everything (enzymes, structure).
- Lipids = long-term energy + membranes.
- Nucleic acids (DNA/RNA) store + transmit info.
Powerhouse of the cell?
Mitochondria.
Where is protein made?
Ribosomes.
RNA base that replaces thymine?
Uracil.
Process producing 4 haploid gametes?
Meiosis.
Monomer of protein?
Amino acid.
Where does photosynthesis occur?
Chloroplasts.
DNA → mRNA is called?
Transcription.
Selectively permeable layer around the cell?
Plasma membrane.
Chemistry
High-yield facts followed by rapid Q&A.
Atoms & Elements
- Protons define the element (atomic number).
- Isotopes differ in neutrons; ions differ in electrons.
- Periodic table: rows = periods, columns = groups (similar properties).
- Atomic mass ≈ protons + neutrons.
Bonds & Reactions
- Ionic = metal + nonmetal (electron transfer).
- Covalent = nonmetals share electrons.
- Mass is conserved in every chemical reaction.
- Catalysts speed up reactions without being consumed.
Solutions & pH
- pH < 7 acid, 7 = neutral, > 7 base. Scale is logarithmic.
- Acid donates H⁺; base accepts H⁺ (or donates OH⁻).
- Solute dissolves IN solvent; together they form a solution.
- Concentration: molarity = moles solute / liters solution.
States of Matter
- Solid → liquid = melting; liquid → gas = vaporization.
- Gas → solid = deposition; solid → gas = sublimation.
- Endothermic = absorbs heat; exothermic = releases heat.
Particle that defines the element?
Proton.
Bond formed by sharing electrons?
Covalent bond.
pH of pure water?
7 (neutral).
Substance that speeds a reaction without being used up?
Catalyst.
Solid directly to gas is called?
Sublimation.
Reaction that releases heat?
Exothermic.
Units of molarity?
Moles per liter (mol/L).
Atoms with different neutron counts?
Isotopes.
Scientific Reasoning
High-yield facts followed by rapid Q&A.
Experimental Design
- Independent variable = what you change.
- Dependent variable = what you measure.
- Control group = baseline (no treatment).
- Always change only ONE variable at a time.
Data & Measurement
- SI units: meter (length), kilogram (mass), second (time), kelvin (temp).
- Accuracy = close to true value; Precision = repeatable.
- A hypothesis is testable and falsifiable.
- A theory is a well-supported explanation, not a guess.
Variable the scientist changes?
Independent variable.
Variable that's measured as a result?
Dependent variable.
Group that gets no treatment?
Control group.
SI unit of mass?
Kilogram.
Difference between accuracy and precision?
Accuracy = close to truth; precision = consistent results.